Psychological Disorders (Unit 1)

January 20, 2015

Abnormal Psychology

Psychological Disorder- a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.

DSM IV- diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders: the big book of disorders

-DSM will classify disorders ad escribe the symptoms

-DSM will NOT explain the causes of possible cures

·         Two major classifications in the DSM

1.) Neurotic Disorders- Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally

2.) Psychotic Disorders- Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions

Anxiety Disorders

·         A group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defense against anxiety

·         The patient fears something awful will happen to them

·         They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear

• Phobia- A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)- An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is over sensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers insomnia.
• Panic Disorders- Anxiety disorder marked by a minute long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations

Obsessive- Compulsive disorder (OCD)

·         Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

·         Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

·         Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.

·         Memories of the event cause anxiety.

January 21, 2014

• ·         Somatoform disorders- occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptoms
• ·         Hypochondriasis- has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause- believe they are minor issues.

• ·         Conversion Disorder- report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. Like blindness or paralysis

·         Dissociative disorders 

      (3 types)- these disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.

1.       Psychogenic Amnesia- a person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.

2.       Dissociative Fugue- People with psychogenic amnesia find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

3.       Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)- People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma, diagnosed birth to 18.

·         

      Mood Disorders

      Mood Disorders: Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion

·         Major Depression- unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. (Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.)

·         Dysthymic Disorder- suffering from mild depression every day for at least two years

·         Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)- experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.

·         Bipolar Disorder- formally maniac depression, Involves periods of depression and manic episodes (involve feeling of high energy). Some get confident, some get irritable.

·         Personality Disorders 
Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negativity affects people’s ability to function, dominates their personality.

·         Antisocial Personality Disorder- Lack empathy, little regard for other’s feelings, view the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

·         Dependent Personality Disorder- Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

·         Histronic Personality Disorder- Needs to be the center of attention. Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

·          Narcissistic Disorder- Having an unwanted sense of self-importance. Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

January 23, 2015

Schizophrenic Disorders

·         About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

1.       Disorganized thinking:

·         The thinking of a person with schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.

·         Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention- they cannot filter out information

 Delusions (false beliefs):
 Delusions of :

Persecution (fear)

Grandeur (god)

2.       Disturbed Perceptions: Hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulations.

3.       Inappropriate emotions and actions:

·         Laugh at inappropriate times

·         Flat effect- reduction in emotions

·         Senseless, compulsive acts

·         Catatonia- motionless waxy flexibility

Positive v. Negative Symptoms

·         Positive: Presence of appropriate symptoms

·         Negative: Absence of appropriate symptoms

Types of Schizophrenia:

1. Disorganized Schizophrenia: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Imagine the worst.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia: (Hallucinations; delusions) “Somebody’s out to get me”
3. Catatonic Schizophrenia: Parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements
4. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: Many and varied symptoms.

Intro to Psychology

January 7^th, 2015

Psychology: The science of behavior and mental processes

Science: Based on research

Behavior: Observable ; measurable

January 8, 2015

Goals of Psychology:

·         Observe

·         Predict

·         Explain

·         Describe

·         Control

Prescientific Psychology

·         Wilheim Wundt: Father of Psychology (first psychology lab)

Structuralism

-          Broke down mental process into the most basic components (structures) of conscious experience

-          What did you see? Hear? Taste? Smell? Feel? (Introspection)

Functionalism

-          Focused less on the How of sensation and perception, but rather on the Why.

-          Emphasized the process of how thoughts are formed , changed and how thoughts formed, changed, and how they adapted.

7 Perspectives of Psychology
 

1.       Neuroscience Prospective

-          Focus on how the physical body and brain create our emotion, 

      memories and sensory experiences.

-          2.   Evolutionary Perspective

-          Focuses on Darwinism

-          We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors

-          Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival

-          3. Psychodynamic Perspective

-          Fathered by Sigmund Freud

-          Our behavior comes from unconscious drives

-          4. Behavioral Perspective

-          Focuses on our observational behaviors

-          Only focuses on the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them

-          5. Cognitive Perspective

-          Focuses on how we think (or encode information)

-          6. Social- Cultural Perspective

-          Focus on how your culture affects your behavior

-          7. Humanistic Perspective

-          Focuses on positive growth

-          Attempt to seek self- actualization

January 20th, 2014

Business Graph

Expansionary (Growth): Real output in the economy is increasing, and the unemployment rate is declining. (Ex: building)

Peak: Real output is at its highest point

Contractionary (Recession): Real output in the economy is decreasing and the unemployment rate is rising.

Trough: Reach your lowest point in GDP. (Trough to trough- 6 Year duration)

January 16th, 2015

Surplus

Quantity supplied>Quantity demanded

QS>QD

Shortage

Quantity demanded>Quantity supplied

QD>QS

·         Equilibrium: The point in which supply and demand intersect, at this point resources are used efficiently.

·         When resources are not used efficiently, Disequilibrium occurs.

Price Ceiling: A government imposed price control on how high a price can be charged for a product of service. (Ex: Mortgage in NYC)

Price Floor: A government imposed price control on how low someone can charge for a product or service. (Ex: Minimum wage)

January 15th,2015

Price Elasticity of Demand: Tells how drastically buyers will cut back or increase their demand for a good when price rises or falls.

Elastic Demand: When demand changes greatly due to change in price.

“Wants”: Find substitutes

E is greater than 1

Inelastic Demand: Demand will not change even if the price changes.

“Needs”: Few substitutes (Ex: gas, milk, salt)

E is less than 1

Unit or Unitary Elastic

E = 1

1. % ∆ in Quantity

(New Quantity- Old Quantity)/ Old Quantity

2. % ∆ in Price

(New Price- Old Price)/ Old Price

3. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)

% ∆ in Quantity/ % ∆ in Price ( Make sure to take absolute value)

=E (Inelastic or Elastic or Unitary Elastic)

January 14th, 2015

Supply

Supply: The Quantities that producers/ sellers are willing and able to produce/ sell at various prices.

The Law of Supply: There is a direct relationship between price and th quantity demanded. As price increases, quantity increases. As price decreases, quantity decreases.

·         ∆ in price is caused by ∆ in quantity supplied

∆ in supply is caused by:

1.            ∆ in anything except price, such as factor price

2.            ∆ in resource

3.            ∆ in technology or technique

4.            ∆ in taxes or subsidies

5.            ∆ in prices of other goods

6.            ∆ in expectations

7.            ∆ in the number of supplies


Total Revenue

Total Revenue: Price X Quantity

Marginal Cost: The cost of producing one more unit of a good.

Fixed Cost: The cost that does NOT change, no matter how much is produced.

Variable Cost: A cost that fluctuates; does not depend on how much is produced. (Ex: Electricity, gas, phones)

Now that you learned supply and demand, here is a video of a creepy teacher reteaching it.
Creepy Teacher on Unit 1

January 13th, 2015

Demand

Demand Schedule:

Demand Curve

Demand Increase: Curve shifts right

Demand Decrease: Curve shifts left

Demand: The quantities that people are willing and able to buy at various prices.

The Law of Demand: There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. As price decreases quantity increases.

·         ∆ in price is caused by ∆ in quantity demanded

       ∆ in Demand is caused by:

       5 Determinents of Demand

1.    ∆ in buyers taste- (advertising)

2.    ∆ in number of buyers- (population)

3.    (∆ in income)-

1.    Normal goods: Goods that buyers buy more of when their income rises.

2.    Inferior goods: Goods that buyers buy less of when their income rises.

4.  ∆ Of price of related good:

       1. Substitute goods: Goods that serve roughly the same purpose to buyers (Ex: Coke & Pepsi)

       2. Complimentart goods: Goods that are often consumed together (Ex: Cars & Gas)

5.  ∆ in expectations- Thinking of the future

January 9th, 2015

Production Possibilities Graphs

Key Assumptions:

1. Two goods are produced

2. Full employment

3. Fixed resources (land, labor/capital)

4. Fixed state of technology

5. No international trade

January 8th, 2014: Unit 1

Four Factors of Production

1.    Land- natural resources

2.    Labor- work force

3.    Capital-

Physical: human made objects used to create another goods and services ; 

ex: buildings, goods, machinery

Human: knowledge/ skills gained through work/ education

4.    Entrepreneurship: innovation and risk taking

Trade-offs: alternatives that we give up whenever we choose on a course of action over the other.

Opportunity cost: the most desirable alternative given up by making a decision.

“Guns and Butter”: Where the government is allocating the money

Ex: guns= military butter= agriculture

Production Possibilities

 Graph: Alternative ways to use resources

Point D: Attainable, but inefficient

Reasons:

·         recession,

·         water/ famine

·         underemployment

·         unemployment

·         population loss

Point B and A: Attainable, but efficient

Point C: Unattainable

Reasons:

·         Economic growth

·         Technology

·         New resources discovered

January 7th, 2015

·         Macroeconomics- Study of the entire economy

·         Microeconomics- Study of part of the economy, how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets (supply and demand)/ market structures

Fact vs. Opinion

Fact: Positive economics- claims that attempt to describe the world as is, it is very descriptive.

Example: Minimum wage laws causes unemployment

Opinion: Normative economics- claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be.

Example: The government should raise the minimum wage.

Scarcity vs. Shortage

Scarcity: The most fundamental economic problem that all societies face, try to satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources

Shortage: A situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

Ex: water; oil

Goods vs. Services

Goods: Bought, Sold, Traded, Produced

Consumer goods: goods that are intended for final use by the consumer

Capital goods: items used in the production of other goods

Services: any work performed Ex: Barber, plumber